the housing problem faced by everyone of course, and all parties. In daily life, housing problems are quite diverse, depending on the para-interested parties. Various groups in society have their own problems different. Starting from single people, among traders, industrial workers, professionals, groups of commuters (commuter), civil servants, soldiers and police, and so forth.
The problem for low-income families is the difficulty to find a place to live decent and affordable near his workplace, especially in urban areas. As for poor families facing the problems encountered are not living options that are safe from eviction. They also face problems pengusuran itself.
The youth face difficult problems to find a small house with a proper and affordable as a place to stay in the internship as a new family. The parents also see the reality of the difficulty is always worried her children get home after marriage, so always try to get a lot of money to help meet them.
Communities face the problem and seek its own deal with a variety of resources and the various ways that are considered possible, according to cultural background of each. The parents are able to collect money and buy land lots or buy a home for children who have been married. Young professionals working hard and saving money to get home. The young family moved to rented able to own their own home after a period of uncertain duration.
Poor families are less educated trapped into the world of the urban informal. For them a place to stay informal and land along the river that are not supervised, are the solution. In the midst of powerlessness facing formal-paced city life, they still pay even if informally. To be sure, they do not understand the meaning of the word formal and informal.
The problem for other housing developers, namely lack of clarity in the business licensing process in the housing sector. As for banks that do business in the housing sector banks, face the problem of difficulty in getting long-term funding sources in accordance with the character of housing loans, as well as the possibility of bad credit.
This paper does not discuss any further problems from the side range of housing needs as above. Wishing to be appointed is, what needs to be done and the state government to meet the housing needs of its people?
But that can be underlined from the descriptions of various problems is, that the housing concerns the lives of all people. Affairs of public housing is an important public sector that requires government policy interventions. So basically is, what kind of policy problem facing the government in an effort to meet the needs of public housing?
1. Public Housing as a Public Sector
Various public policy literature underlines that understanding the problem correctly is the key to developing effective public policy. Requires the handling of public issues through policies that have been prepared on the proper formulation of the problem. As one of the public sector, housing sector also requires an appropriate formulation of the problem. However, the challenges are difficult to formulate precisely the problem faced in the housing sector.
What housing problems faced by the government? Which certainly is not one-party government like the one above. However, in many countries, the role of government in the housing sector, which first developed is to meet the housing needs for state employees, including army and police. However, the role of government is certainly not limited. Housing problems faced by the first government based on the vision of the state of the housing subjects, ie all its people decent housing (housing the people rather than building the houses). Fulfilling the vision of public housing mandated by the state in this government to deal with the variety of needs and problems faced by society as above. This is the challenge facing the government and become a basic consideration in formulating public policy.
How forms of intervention and the role to be developed by the government? How can public policy in the housing sector? Along with a variety of problems in society, the answer is: not simple, complex.
Various social and economic study of housing policy has demonstrated the complexity of the housing problem. Variety of housing needs in a simple no intervention with the formulation of policies such as: meeting housing needs for all people. The problem is, the provision of housing is the process once the product is determined by various forms of public policy in various sectors, such as land, finance, infrastructure, industry and trade, construction industry, environment, health, local government, and so forth. Furthermore, residential property is a commodity that has a certain market behavior, so that we referred to as the housing market. Thus, in certain aspects, the housing policy is government policy to affect the housing market.
Despite facing a complex problem, especially when viewed from the side of the institutional and management framework of the rules, studies on housing policy has never subsided. Studies of housing policy in many countries has produced a lot of literature. But of all the literature, there is no adequate framework of analysis that can be used to understand the effects and forms of interaction of various multi-sector policies as appropriate. Mentioned above, that understanding the problem correctly is the key to developing effective public policy. This is the challenge of housing policy as an effective public policy.
2. Options Forms of Housing Policy
Multidimensional and multisectoral facing such problems, there is some form of policy options that can be taken. First is to not choose a particular policy form, but putting people’s housing policy as a policy coordination (policy coordination). In this sense, the development of housing policy by coordinating the various other policies to achieve certain targets. These specific targets, including standards and indicators set forth, nor easily defined, either by the ministry of housing and agreed by a multi-sector policy coordination.
In general, from the perspective of policy coordination, a variety of housing-related policies can be classified into three groups of policies. First is the group policy input (input) in the housing process, such as land, infrastructure, transportation, spatial planning and regional development, and financing. Second is the group policy or the direction of the output of housing policy, namely the direction of development through the fields of housing sector policies developed. Examples include industrial, urban, regional development khusun, agriculture and rural development, maritime affairs and fisheries, employment, social development and poverty alleviation. While the third policy group is a group supporting policies such as the environment, irrigation (in order to solve the problem of urban riverbanks), education and health, and so forth.
The choice of this form of housing policy requires the coordination of public housing policy that effectively can move the three groups of policy.
Second, is to choose the form of a particular policy based on strong political will to fulfill the vision of the state of public housing. This strong political will of course be followed up by the formulation of good policies in a planned and implemented within the frame of institutional and regulatory framework is adequate. Some forms of a particular policy is like a public housing policy (public housing), housing policy facilitated self-help (self-help housing Facilitation), and policies facilitating the housing market (housing market Facilitation).
3. Development of Housing Policy in Indonesia
In its development, Indonesia has experienced various forms of housing policy. Both coordinative policy coordination or policy, public housing policy, housing policy and facilitation of market self-help housing facilitation policy. But there is no single form of policy developments. Policy coordination have evolved over time. The policies used until now is the facilitation of the housing market, although not visit the market to produce housing that is working effectively.
There are views that say precisely this situation shows a lack of clarity of the ideological basis of housing policy in the homeland. Is this so? Here the authors suggest another. Such a view is only correct if the assumption that the ideology of Pancasila is not clear. We all certainly agree that this nation of Pancasila ideology which is very clearly distinguish it from other nations. Instead of housing policy options are consequences Indonesia as a country that embraces the ideology of Pancasila. We do not adopt the policy of housing (public housing) as it is applied only in Communist countries and socialist. Indonesia also did not subscribe to liberal ideology which gave entirely to market mechanisms. The five precepts of Pancasila ideology closer cornerstone of housing policy as applied to welfare states.
State guarantees the welfare of the people met with the housing needs of a decent and affordable through the harmony of the various forms of policy.
As mentioned, Indonesia has experienced various forms of housing policy, but not yet adequately developed and well-institutionalized. While the population continues to grow, increasingly dominate the urban form of settlement. Compliance challenges forms the growing housing needs. But the housing market not being able to be regulated effectively.
In the year 1974 with the establishment of Housing as a housing developer red plate (read the public sector) and ditugaskannya BTN as a housing bank, the government apparently began to put public housing policy. In many developed countries are characterized by the progress of its housing sector, the development of public housing policy marked by expanding the capacity of the public developers (Housing) it, including the control of land, the development of an effective area, the construction of flats (apartment) rental, city development- and management of new city buildings and residential areas. For comparison, in Japan which is a welfare state, UR (Urban Renaissance, Perumnasnya Japan) is the largest housing developer and no larger than himself.
Development may be seen from the changes in his name that is consistent with the progression dynamics of vision. Originally named HUDC (Housing and Urban Development Corporation), and then turned into a UDC (Urban Development Corporation), and now turned into UR.
How can public housing policy in the homeland? Along the way, public housing policy in Indonesia does not expand aliases bantet. The term public housing just became weird hearing. The phenomenon of public housing like that experienced only a few years, ie around the year 1974 until the early 1980s, marked by the mastery of land and the construction of more apartment houses. Moreover, the Housing and BTN instead mired in another form of housing policy, namely the facilitation of corporate housing market.
The phenomenon of one policy do not realize this room because there was no adequate evaluation of housing policy. Housing and BTN have one room marked with the annual ritual in the form of development and flushing RSS-owned subsidized housing.
Why say fall? As it turns out the development of RSS-owned by the Housing each year to spend the funds that are not public knowledge, ie in the form of Public Service Obligation (PSO) is sourced from the national budget deficit to patch Housing. Land assets is not only growing, but increasingly shrink. While the annual ritual of flushing subsidies (KPR) to make BTN BTN is at a crossroads. BTN increasingly drawn into the banking mechanisms that are not market friendly. Obviously from a business angle bank! Dihentikanya source mortgages from BLBI often suggested as the reason. What was that? One policy has room to make Housing and BTN as actors hanging in the vortex of the property market is liberal. As a manifestation of the housing market facilitation policies are not effective (responsibility), as part of its public housing policies are not taxable.
On the other hand, the housing market facilitation policies are also underdeveloped. Primary housing market has not run in a sustainable manner other than continue to rely on ritual and residential estate mortgage subsidy RSS slow growing, even many who did not develop mangkrak alias. Housing Minister might think that the fight for housing subsidies is the main task of each year during a cabinet meeting. Whereas facilitation of the housing market still leaves a lot of policy agendas, such as land market facilitation, facilitation of funding sources, stimulating the construction industry standards coordination, and others. When the primary housing market has not gone well, the government has already started to build a secondary market for housing finance system by establishing PT. SMF. In a discussion, a senior SMF has not been precisely pointed at the workings of the primary market of housing as the root of the problem difficult to develop a secondary housing finance market.
Likewise, policies facilitating self-help housing in the structure of the newly created Ministry of Public Housing in 2005, is still underdeveloped and do not have the mechanism and targets are fairly obvious target group. The main fallacy facilitated self-help housing is housing at all to avoid the facilitation of informal (or illegal squatters). There is not even the slightest response to the phenomenon that is increasingly becoming the eviction-so. Whereas the paradigm of self-respect of housing provision locally by public housing, which should be viewed as a natural process. Formal and informal definitions of categorization is not important from this standpoint. The definition is the importance of empowerment and powerlessness. Thus, informal settlements must be a primary target. Why? Because the community of informal housing settlements and the process is the most helpless facing the housing market.
Facilitation of self-help housing policies should be doing trail history. Need to consistently follow the basis of the background thinking empowerment. Facilitation of self-help housing should focus on the process of formalization and regularization through the empowerment approach. Thereby facilitating self-help housing just need to put the handling of informal settlements as the main concern, not the other.
Among the various forms of housing policy is still partial run, it can be noted that the most effective form of policy that is never executed in the form of coordination of housing policies during the New Order government. The coordination role of housing policy implemented by the Ministry of Housing through a body that is BKP4N (Agency Development Control Policy and National Housing), previously named GDCs (National Housing Policy Board). But performance is quite effective coordination more because they are supported by a Minister of Housing leadership factor. It may be noted that figures such as former Menpera Cosmas, Siswono Judohusodo and Akbar Tanjung is influential figures who have strong leadership.
At that time they also occupied the position as Secretary of the Board of Trustees of Golkar. For the record, the effectiveness of coordination at that time is not yet supported by effective coordination mechanisms and terlembagaka. BKP4N began to fade in the leadership of Director General of the Ministry of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure in the era of 2000-2004. Now BKP4N never heard from again.
4. Housing Policy Issues Facing Complex
As one of the public sector, public housing sector in Indonesia is facing a complex problem. It should be noted that strategies for coping with complex problems is far more important than formulating various strategies of handling the various issues that are considered partially. The development of housing policy in Indonesia should not produce a collection involutif action alone. Before preparing strategies to cope with a complex problem, and before determining the direction and form a stable housing policy, it first needs to know the character (nature) of a complex policy issues.
There are at least three fundamental problems which are interrelated to each other, which gives the characters a complex problem of housing policy. The first basic problem is still lack of understanding of the housing sector itself, especially among the relevant parties policymaking. The second basic problem is a political problem, which related to the basic problem first. As a result of not developing a comprehensive understanding, political intervention in the housing sector tends to take practical steps. The third basic problem is a matter of policy management that have high complexity. Basic problems of understanding and practical politics also adds to the complexity of housing policy making process.
In this situation, the potential for public housing areas are maintained by partial and dominated by actors and certain favorite programs. Housing policy caught up by technical problems that were never resolved. Marginalized in the affairs of public housing among other development agendas. In fact, dominate the process of housing development pengkotaan (urbanisation) which continuously convert the natural environment and natural resources, funds and other resources into the built environment (built environment). Housing development that produces only a partial mosaic of the built environment is chaotic and it is a source of disaster. The housing development is not just a strategic instrument to build human resources in Indonesia, but also to realize the built environment can be an asset as well as social and economic development engine to improve the competitiveness of nations.
As an example of a partial housing policy is a policy concerning the development of contemporary rusunami. Spatial planning and building regulations it is seen as a constraint. In fact, due to lack of attention to spatial planning and building regulations, the program developed sporadically rusunami it gives an important impact on the carrying capacity and sustainability of the area of building management. Fundamental errors of policy facilitation rusunami housing market is in excess, which should be directed to support development of public housing policy. Melesetnya target group and the loss of a major state revenue due to various tax incentives, it is not worth the lost opportunity to foster public housing policy and remain unfulfilled housing needs of the target group effectively.
Tower-majestic towers could have stood as much as a thousand pieces, but the priority housing needs remain unmet. Not institutional policy. Cities grew spread and does not turn into an asset that can be relied upon as an engine of economic development.
5. Cover
In the face of the complexity of policy issues like this, we do not have sufficient information on the causes and effects of problems. We have already mentioned, none of adequate analytical framework that can be used to understand the consequences and shape the interactions of various multi-sectoral policies related to the field of public housing as appropriate.
Development of public housing policy needs to be supported by an effective coordination mechanism, through the mapping of multi-policy, formulation of strategic policy directions and manufacturing agreements, plans and programs together. Need to continue to fertilize a high ability to manage the complexity of fundamental problems that exist, since the upper reaches. Open a dialogue space, mapping diversity issues and actors in a participatory manner, assess and develop networking relationships that exist, to build awareness in line with the understanding, is the first step needed to deal with the complexity of people’s housing problems.
